How does a TXV Function?

A TXV “measures” the temperature and (usually) the pressure at the end of the evaporator coil with a bulb and a tube called an external equalizer. The bulb measures temperature and provides an opening force, the equalizer measures pressure and provides a closing force. There is also a spring that may have an adjustable tension that provides additional closing force. When working properly these forces achieve a balance and maintain the evaporator superheat to the designed of set levels at the end of the evaporator.  The TXV’s job is to maintain superheat within certain operational ranges and conditions. 

How do they fail?

A TXV may fail either too far open or too far closed. Too far open is also called “overfeeding” and it means that boiling refrigerant is being fed too far through the evaporator coil, and this would show up in low superheat. If the TXV fails closed it can be said to be “underfeeding,” which means not enough boiling refrigerant is fed through the evaporator coil and superheat will be too high at the evaporator outlet. 

These failures can and do occur, but they are usually caused by contaminants or moisture in the system that have worked their way to the valve and caused it to stick or become restricted. Another cause of valve failure is a rub out on bulb tube and an external equalizer without a core depressor installed on a port that has a Schrader core in place.  

When a valve is overfeeding the first thing to check is bulb insulation, placement, and strapping. If the numbing isn’t properly sensing the suction line it can lead to the valve remaining too far open.

Why are they misdiagnosed so often? 

TXV’s are often incorrectly condemned in cases of low evaporator airflow or load. This happens because techs will find a system with low suction pressure and assume that means it is low on refrigerant. They will then start to add refrigerant and the TXV will respond by closing further the more refrigerant is added. The tech will see that the suction isn’t increasing and they will conclude that the TXV is failed. 

This occurs because the tech is paying too much attention to suction pressure without considering the other readings.

What is the correct way to diagnose a TXV? 

First take all of your refrigerant readings as well as your liquid line and suction temperature at both ends (on a split system). This means superheat, subcooling, suction saturation (evaporator coil temp), and liquid saturation (condensing temp). For a TXV to do what it is supposed to you need a full line of liquid before the TXV, this means you need at least 1°F of subcooling in theory but in reality, you will want to make sure that you have the factory specified subcooling, which is usually around 10°. In refrigeration, we do this same thing by looking for a clear sight glass. On a split system checking the subcool outside and then confirming there is no big temperature difference inside to out is a great way to ensure that kinked lines or plugged line driers aren’t an issue. 

The next thing that a TXV needs is enough liquid pressure to have the required pressure differential. This amount of required pressure differential will vary a bit based on the valve but usually, we want to see a 100 PSI minimum difference between the liquid line pressure and the desired evaporator pressure. If the head pressure drops too low due to low ambient conditions this can come into play and impact the ability of the valve to do its job. 

Once this is all confirmed then it is simply a matter of checking the superheat at the end of the evaporator. Most A/C systems will be maintaining 6-14° of superheat at the evaporator outlet. If it is in that range then the valve isn’t bad, it’s doing its job. 

If it is lower than 6° of superheat at the evap outlet then it could be overfeeding (double check your thermometer and gauges) and if the superheat is well above 14° at the evaporator outlet, with the proper subcool and liquid pressure entering… then you have a failed closed (underfeeding valve). Keep in mind that some valves will have a screen right before the valve and this can be the cause of the restriction rather than the valve. You can intentionally freeze the coil and try to see the freezing point or use thermal imaging to help spot if it’s the valve or the screen. When you find the point of temperature you find the point of pressure drop, just remember that the TXV is designed to provide pressure to maintain a fairly fixed superheat. 

Do TXVs Ever Fail

They can fail internally but most often they fail because of a blocked inlet screen (if they have one), contaminants entering the valve, loss of charge from the power head, bulb location, and positioning issues and overheating of the valve. In commercial and refrigeration applications you can often replace or clean the screen and replace the power head rather than replacing the entire valve. 

As I have said many times before diagnosis make sure your tools are well calibrated and working and that you are actually reading the pressure correctly. I’ve seen many misdiagnoses just because a Schrader wasn’t pushing in or a multi-position valve cracked properly.

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