As a motorist, consider the critical things you need to know when you look at your car's dashboard. If you have a lead foot, the speedometer is the most critical indicator, since it tells you how fast you can travel without the risk of arrest. Second in criticality is the fuel gauge, since it will prevent you from running out of gas. The odometer tells you (and the next buyer) how far the car has been driven, and it also shows when the vehicle is due for an oil change and other services. Some indicators are obsolete relics from an earlier age. We seldom need temperature indicators today, since engine overheating is rare in today's automobile. Oil pressure indicators are seldom needed, since modern engines rarely experience pressure abnormality. Some manufacturers group these obsolescent references in a warning light labeled "check engine." While the motorist is told that something is wrong, only a car dealer can identify the specific problem. Another indicator that is meaningless to the average driver is the RPM (revolutions per minute) gauge. All of this demonstrates that automotive engineers, like software gurus, are often guilty of providing data that the average operator neither needs or wants.

Unfortunately, distracting data indicators are more common in warehouse management system (WMS) software than in automotive dashboards. As the variety of available data continues to grow with improved technology, system designers cannot resist the temptation to publish data that warehouse operators do not really need. As a result, the dashboard becomes increasingly distracting, and therefore difficult to read or understand. We enter the land of DRIP.

Three Productivity Dials

Every dashboard needs a dial to reflect volume, just as every car needs a fuel gauge. The simplest way to do this is to show total number of units handled, and usually that is the total number received plus the total number shipped. While some managers may need a breakout, the only information that every manager needs is the total number of pieces moving through the warehouse. One dashboard that we saw itemized three different types of receiving, plus three more varieties of shipping — a perfect example of DRIP. Warehouse managers are better served by having a single volume number on the dashboard, with further detail available only if and when the manager actually needs it.

The dashboard should also measure productivity, and the simplest way to do this is to track units per hour (UPH). In most operations, productivity will vary depending on the type of work. Shipping may be slower than receiving, or vice versa. When processing is involved, it will affect units per hour productivity. However, over time, these differences will tend to balance out. A common mistake is to create a dashboard that reflects productivity with receiving, picking, staging, bulk, and other different types of work, again overwhelming the manager with more data than is really needed. When the productivity number moves in a surprising way, that is the only time to get into further detail.

The best measure of receiving effectiveness is called “dock to stock” time, usually measured in hours. That is the time elapsed between the moment when an inbound load is completely finished and the time when that product is available for shipment. In other words, it measures the processing time necessary to record the receipt and enter the merchandise into inventory records. This measure is critical because goods sometimes sit in a warehouse but are not shippable until you’ve processed every detail of the transaction. Particularly at times when inventory is scarce, an abnormally slow dock to stock time can do great damage to a warehouse operation.

Dials for Quality

Two measures are associated with quality control: accuracy rate and percentage of on-time shipments. Accuracy rates of more than 99.9 percent are frequently found today, thanks to the use of automatic identification systems like barcode scanning and voice recognition. While it is obviously important to avoid shipping errors, the consequences can be very different in a closed loop distribution system. For example, a warehouse shipping to a chain of retail stores may find minimal impact if you ship blue sweaters instead of red ones, since the retailer can probably sell the product anyway. A dashboard that includes processing accuracy and bill of lading accuracy is guilty of DRIP. Delivering accuracy to the customer is the only measurement that matters.

A decent record of on-time shipments is an important quality measure. At the same time, the date of customer receipt is more important than the date of shipment, since the customer expects the warehouse operator to control transportation. In order to maintain a client receipt record, it will be necessary to trace every shipment.

The Missing Dial

One metric that is missing from most dashboards, and should be included, is a record of employee retention. As the economy improves, shortages of labor will become common. Such a shortage already exists with truck drivers. Retention is very simple to measure — if you had 100 employees on the first day of January and lost two of them during the month, the retention record would be 98 percent. A sudden or significant change in the retention record is a clear sign of ineffective recruiting, improper compensation or poor line supervision. One expert calculates that the cost to replace people in certain positions is as high as 2.5 times annual salary. Surprisingly, relatively few companies include employee retention in their dashboards.

The graph shown in Figure 1 above is one idea of an effective dashboard for warehouse operations. You should supplement it with more detailed breakout figures but refer to them only when the dashboard reflects surprising changes.

To summarize, a warehouse operations dashboard should be little or no more complicated than the dashboard in your car. If you expect your operations people to be as interested in quality and productivity as you are, you would be foolish to bury them in so much data that they cannot discover the truly essential information.