To get a handle on building energy use, the VCF called in Kilawatt Technologies, an energy management consulting firm based in Shelburne, Vt. The goals were clear: determine which energy-saving equipment best fit the needs of the facility, and calculate the potential return-on-investment of the new equipment.

Solution

To achieve these goals, Kilawatt Technologies employed a data-driven approach, deploying a variety of portable data loggers throughout the facility. Energy consumption data were collected over a three-week period, resulting in more than 250,000 measurements, including temperature, relative humidity, CO₂ levels, motor run times, and electricity usage. Four types of temperature readings were collected: zone temperatures, heat pump discharged air, boiler, and main heat pump loop-heat injection.

“The data loggers we used made it possible for us to collect large quantities of diverse data in a short amount of time,” said Steven Antinozzi, COO, Kilawatt. “Fortunately, the devices come at a reasonable cost, making our data-driven tactics possible.”

Antinozzi and his team used a variety of deployment techniques that depended on installation locations and available surfaces. For example, they attached Onset HOBO® UX90 Motor On/Off data loggers directly to loop motors using the loggers’ integrated rare-earth magnets. For this deployment, they did not need a current transformer, since turning on the motor creates a magnetic field. Monitoring this magnetic field determined on-off cycles and run times.

To log zone temperatures, the engineers attached additional HOBO U12 loggers discreetly in office areas. They attached data loggers to metal ceiling vents with the self-adhesive magnetized rubber strips that came with the devices. Engineers set these data loggers to record every 15 minutes to monitor realized temperatures and setbacks.

Results

After charting and studying temperature data, Kilawatt engineers learned that the boiler fires at full power when outdoor ambient temperatures are as high as 60°F. Furthermore, amperage data led to the discovery that the cooling tower runs during the same time intervals as the boiler. This was understood to be due to the loop overheating. The data also showed that:

• Heat pumps and circulation pumps run during nights and weekends when the facility is unoccupied.

• Temperatures in office areas do not coincide with thermostat settings.

• CO₂ spikes when the building is occupied, indicating poor ventilation.

• Loop motors, the facility’s largest point load, run during nights and weekends when the building is unoccupied. (These 2-hp motors consume 13,000 kW per year.)

• Heat migration from the boiler is substantial enough to heat the facility.

Kilawatt’s team recommended four key actions for the VCF based on collection and analysis of data logger statistics.

First, they suggested that the foundation install new HVAC controls — specifically, thermocouple-based thermostat, CO₂, and humidity sensors. They also recommended a Web-enabled system for centralized and automated control of the HVAC system. At a cost of $15,000, the new controllers will eliminate unnecessary use of the boiler, cooling tower, and supporting equipment. After careful calculation based on data collected, Kilawatt projected that the controls would pay for themselves within four years.

The consulting firm also recommended that the VCF purchase an energy recovery ventilation system. At a cost of $50,000, this system will decrease heat pump use and allow for smaller heat pumps, while increasing ventilation.

The team further suggested building-shell improvements that, based on the data, would realize a realistic payback and improvement in comfort. The shell repairs included installing air-lock doors at the front entrance and low thermal-emissivity windows tuned for low external reflectivity and maximum retention of heat. These improvements will address the acute temperature problem experienced by office workers and the building’s overall outside air-infiltration issue. With the new doors and windows in place, the VCF will better manage its HVAC system and save energy costs. Engineers calculate these purchases will yield a payback, based on energy savings, in 14 years. The payback in occupant comfort, however, will be immediate.

Finally, the consulting firm recommended that the VCF use a solar photovoltaic energy solution to achieve its long-term net-zero goal. The suggestion was to install a southern Vermont ground-mount system with an annual output of 135,000 kWh. At a cost of $100,000, the new system is predicted to pay for itself within six years and leave the facility energy independent for the remainder of the building’s lifetime.

High-yielding and high-quality investments are few and far between. Capitalizing on energy efficiency and energy independence is smart business. With the implementation of these enhancements, the VCF theoretically could save (or yield, depending on one’s perspective) $215,000 over the next 15 years.

Publication date: 7/15/2013 

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