Quick Overview

A vfd controls the speed, torque, and direction of an ac induction motor. It takes fixed voltage and frequency ac input and converts it to a variable voltage and frequency ac output. In very small vfd’s, a single power pack unit may contain the converter and inverter.

Fairly involved control circuitry coordinates the switching of power devices, typically through a control board that dictates the firing of power components in the proper sequence. A microprocessor or digital signal processor (dsp) meets all the internal logic and decision requirements.

From this description, you can see a vfd is basically a computer and power supply. And the same safety and equipment precautions you’d apply to a computer and to a power supply apply here. Vfd maintenance requirements fall into three basic categories:

1. Keeping it clean;

2. Keeping it dry; and

3. Keeping the connections tight.

Let’s look at each of these.

Keeping it Clean

Most vfd’s fall into the NEMA 1 category (side vents for cooling airflow) or NEMA 12 category (sealed, dust-tight enclosure). Drives that fall in the NEMA 1 category are susceptible to dust contamination. Dust on vfd hardware can cause a lack of airflow, resulting in diminished performance from heat sinks and circulating fans (Figure 1).

Dust on an electronic device can cause malfunction or even failure. Dust absorbs moisture, which also contributes to failure. Periodically spraying air through the heat sink fan is a good PM measure. Discharging compressed air into a vfd is a viable option in some environments, but typical plant air contains oil and water.

To use compressed air for cooling, you must use air that is oil-free and dry or you are likely to do more harm than good. That requires a specialized, dedicated, and expensive air supply. And you still run the risk of generating electrostatic charges (ESD). A nonstatic-generating spray or a reverse-operated ESD vacuum will reduce static buildup.

Common plastics are prime generators of static electricity. The material in ESD vacuum cases and fans is a special, nonstatic-generating plastic. These vacuums and cans of nonstatic-generating compressed air are available through companies that specialize in static-control equipment.

Keeping it Dry

In Figure 2 you can see what happened to a control board periodically subjected to a moist environment.

Initially, this vfd was wall-mounted in a clean, dry area of a mechanical room, and moisture was not a problem. However, as is often the case, a well-meaning modification led to problems. An area of the building required a dehumidifier close to the mechanical room. Since wall space was available above the vfd, this is where the dehumidifier went.

Unfortunately, the vfd was a NEMA 1 enclosure style (side vents and no seal around the cover). The result was water dripping from the dehumidifier into the drive. In six months, the vfd accumulated enough water to produce circuit board corrosion.

What about condensation? Some vfd manufacturers included a type of “condensation protection” on earlier product versions. When the mercury dipped below 32°F, the software logic did not allow the drive to start.

Vfd’s seldom offer this protection today. If you operate the vfd all day every day, the normal radiant heat from the heatsink should prevent condensation.

Unless the unit is in continuous operation, use a NEMA 12 enclosure and thermostatically controlled space heater if you locate it where condensation is likely.

Keeping Connections Tight

While this sounds basic, checking connections is a step many people miss or do incorrectly — and the requirement applies even in cleanrooms.

Heat cycles and mechanical vibration can lead to substandard connections, as can standard maintenance practices: Retorquing screws is not a good idea, and further tightening an already tight connection can ruin the connection (see accompanying article, below).

Bad connections eventually lead to arcing. Arcing at the vfd input could result in nuisance over-voltage faults, clearing of input fuses, or damage to protective components. Arcing at the vfd output could result in over-current faults, or even damage to the power components. The photo-graphs in Figures 3 and 4 show what can happen.

Loose control wiring connections can cause erratic operation. For example, a loose start/stop signal wire can cause uncontrollable vfd stops. A loose speed-reference wire can cause the drive speed to fluctuate, resulting in machine damage, and/or possible injury.

Additional Steps

As part of a mechanical inspection procedure, don’t overlook internal vfd components. Check circulating fans for signs of bearing failure or foreign objects — usually indicated by unusual noise or shafts that appear wobbly. Figure 5 shows a foreign object in a fan.

Inspect dc bus capacitors for bulging and leakage. Either could be a sign of component stress or electrical misuse.

Take voltage measurements while the vfd is in operation. Fluctuations in dc bus voltage measurements can indicate degradation of dc bus capacitors. One function of the capacitor bank is to act as a filter section (smoothing out any ac ripple voltage on the bus). Abnormal ac voltage on the dc bus indicates the capacitors are headed for trouble.

Most vfd manufacturers have a special terminal block for this type of measurement and also for connection of the dynamic braking resistors. Measurements more than 4 vac may indicate a capacitor filtering problem or a possible problem with the diode bridge converter section (ahead of the bus). If you have such voltage levels, consult the vfd manufacturer before taking further action.

With the vfd in “start” and at zero speed, you should read output voltage of 40-vac phase-to-phase or less. If you read more than this, you may have transistor leakage. At zero speed, the power components should not be operating. If your readings are 60 vac or more, you can expect power component failure.

What about spare vfd’s? Store them in a clean, dry environment, with no condensation. Place this unit in your preventive maintenance system so you know to power it up every six months to keep the dc bus capacitors at their peak performance capability. Otherwise, their charging ability will significantly diminish.

A capacitor is much like a battery — it needs to go into service soon after purchase or suffer a loss of usable life.

Regularly monitor heat sink temperatures. Most vfd manufacturers make this task easy by including a direct temperature readout on the keypad or display. Verify where this readout is, and make checking it part of a weekly or monthly review of vfd operation.

You wouldn’t place your laptop computer outside, on the roof of a building, or in direct sunlight, where temperatures could reach 115° or as low as -10°. A vfd, which is basically a computer with a power supply, needs the same consideration.

Some vfd manufacturers advertise 200,000 hrs — almost 23 years — of mean time between failures (MTBF). Such impressive performance is easy to obtain if you follow these simple procedures.

Polka is drives training manager, ABB Drvies & Power Products Group, New Berlin, WI; 262-785-3200; 262-785-3290 (fax).

Sidebar: Retorquing: A Screwy Practice

Although “retorquing” as a way of checking tightness is common in many preventive maintenance procedures, it violates basic mechanical principles and does more harm than good.

A screw has maximum clamping power at a torque value specific to its size, shape, and composition. Exceeding that torque value permanently reduces the clamping power of that screw by reducing its elasticity and deforming it. Loosening and then retorquing still reduces elasticity, which still means a loss of clamping power. Doing this to a lock washer results in a permanent 50% loss.

What should you do?

Use an infrared thermometer to note hot connections. Check their torque. If they have merely worked loose, you can try retightening them.

Note which screws were loose, and be sure to give them an infrared check at the next preventive maintenance cycle. If they are loose again, replace them.

Finally, don’t forget the “tug test.” This checks crimps as well as screw connections. Don’t do this with the drive online with the process, though, or you may cause some very expensive process disturbances.

Publication date: 06/04/2001