While the study conducted by Thomas Lawrence looked at larger buildings, the same theory can be applied to single family homes for both the cooling and heating seasons.

“Over the years, studies have shown that for every 1°F change in a thermostat setting, there is roughly a 3% increase in energy savings (around normal settings),” he said.

The Department of Energy estimates that consumers can save as much as 10% a year on heating and cooling by turning the thermostat back 7-10 degrees from its normal setting for eight hours a day.

Lawrence’s study, conducted on campus, revealed that increasing building temperatures reduced energy consumption by 19%-40% with no decrease in the comfort of building occupants. Applied across campus, this strategy could save as much as $110,675 annually.

“We were able to document that there were no thermal comfort perception problems generated by making these fairly small — 2° to 3° — temperature set point increases during the summer cooling season,” said Lawrence, professor of practice in the college of engineering. “This corresponds to other work done previously on the UGA campus, which indicates that there is potential for energy savings with our cooling systems while not adversely affecting the overall thermal comfort perceptions of the building occupants.”

In 2015, the Office of Sustainability at UGA launched a plan to have 20%-40% reductions of campus greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and 2040, respectively, compared to the 2010 baseline. The 20% reduction was met by 2019.

Topping the National Average

But energy consumption in the state of Georgia represents 10% of the nation’s energy consumption, and buildings in Georgia account for 45% of total energy consumption — 7% higher than the national average, according to 2016 estimates from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Lawrence has conducted a number of studies on campus facilities in areas including energy efficiency and informatics, water efficiency, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality. The studies were an outgrowth of the work he did in support of UGA’s energy efficiency program through the Engineering Outreach group, in essence serving as an internal consultant for the university from 2006-2011.

“I tell people the UGA campus is my laboratory,” he said.

Much of the work for this study was performed by Tara Sharpton, who earned a master’s degree in environmental engineering in May 2019, and was also supported by undergraduate student Morgan Sutter through the Center for Undergraduate Research Opportunities. Data was collected at Amos Hall, Benson Hall, and Moore-Rooker Hall during portions of the cooling season of 2018. These buildings, part of the second phase of construction for the Business Learning Community, are six stories tall, fully air conditioned, and have been operating since 2017.

Studying Comfort Perception

“The BLC buildings are all relatively new and have newer building control systems that made it easier to make adjustments building wide and ensure better quality control on the data collection,” Lawrence said.

The study focused on the impact of adjusting cooling system set points, examining overall thermal comfort perception and satisfaction as well as total HVAC energy consumption. Building occupants were not informed of the set point changes before being surveyed about their thermal comfort perception. The normal cooling temperature set points on campus typically range between 70°-73°. Increasing the set points up to 74°-76° degrees reduced chilled water consumption for the buildings by 19%-40%, respectively, without complaints from building occupants. If applied across campus in the academic and office spaces, the estimated annual energy cost savings would be between $52,900 and $110,675.

“This represents an opportunity to improve the energy efficiency of campus buildings and mitigate the associated CO2 emissions,” Lawrence said.

The study will be presented at the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) ASHRAE Technical Symposium 2020, “Engineering Buildings, Systems, and Environments for Effective Operation,” that will be held online in September. CIBSE is the technical professional society for building systems engineers in the United Kingdom.